Before the beginning of XX century. cancer of this localization was a very rare disease, and the structure of morbidity in this century reflected the social trends of smoking. As can develop lung cancer over several decades, is the peak of the popularity of smoking among men 30's and 40's of XX century in the incidence of lung cancer, the highest in the 50's, 60's and 70's was resist. incidence in women (where smoking was generally not typical to the Second World War and post-war) is still too high Age groups. Although now there was a slight decrease in lung cancer among men, he is still the most common cancer among them and among women - the second most common after breast cancer. But in some areas of lung cancer is more common now than breast cancer. And since the number of smokers, especially young, growing, raising lung cancer including, apparently, will continue. Overall, the cancer of this localization over a quarter of all deaths from cancer.
Just found that the longer a person smokes, and the more he consumed, cigarettes, the higher the risk for lung cancer. smoking cigarettes with lower tar and filtered somewhat reduces the risk because they believed that it was tar contains carcinogens (although some smokers to compensate for the weakness of cigarettes, more trains) . Other forms of tobacco, such as the smoking of cigars and pipes are connected to a much lower risk compared to cigarettes.
with a higher probability of lung cancer associated with passive smoking - inhaling cigarette smoke around them. non-smokers, living with a smoker or work in smoky places (bars, clubs, restaurants) have a higher risk for lung cancer, although there is still much lower than if they smoked themselves. However, many organizations feel it as a risk factor that the ban in many countries, smoking in various public places, offices, public transport, etc. out
Known as a number of other carcinogens cause that cancer. with a high risk connected with development of asbestos and uranium. radon, usually in the form of natural gas, can reach high levels in some geographic areas, it is associated with the disease risk of lung cancer.
prophylaxis
The most effective way to reduce the risk of lung cancer is smoking cessation. 10-15 years, after the habit risk of former smokers is in danger, sick people who have never smoked.
There is some evidence that vitamin A (beta carotene), is contained in green and yellow vegetables may have a protective effect against lung cancer.
Manifestations
are the most common manifestation of lung cancer: cough, even after treatment with antibiotics, the selection of blood when coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain, general symptoms of weakness and weight loss. research
After a general review of the first study in general x-ray of the breast. It is not permitted an accurate diagnosis of lung cancer, but can be suspicious of power failure in the lungs that require further investigation to identify.
sputum, the study with a sample of mucus under the microscope, but enough for such a diagnosis and what kind of cancer. Otherwise spend bronchoscopy. In this method, a thin tube inserted through the mouth into the lungs Airways. With the bronchoscope doctor check for abnormalities and the action takes samples of cells for research in the laboratory. bronchoscopy is usually performed under local anesthesia.
If it is a question of surgery, the doctor must be the local lymph nodes in the chest, mediastinoscopy hold survey. This procedure is performed under general anesthesia, he sees the introduction of a small tube into the chest through an incision at the base of the neck. to examine the cells and taking samples of material from the lymph nodes.
order to identify possible metastases by other examinations such as computed tomography of the thorax and abdomen, ultrasonography of the liver and bone scan followed.
forms of lung cancer
Known 4 basic types of lung cancer: squamous cell carcinoma - the most common type, accounting for about 50% of all cases. It affects mainly the cells of the respiratory tract; adenocarcinoma, which occurs in about 20% of patients with lung cancer and developed from the cells forming the mucus, large cell carcinoma, derives its name from the ship, with a round of cancer cells. He makes about 10% of cases of lung cancer.
These three types of cancer are known as "non-small cell lung cancer, because they are in relation to the development of the cancer process and the treatment of the fourth kind, namely, different, small cell or oat, cancer, because of the characteristic cell shape, similar to grains of oats called. This cancer occurs in about 20% of cases of lung cancer.
treatment
The choice of treatment depends on the type of lung cancer. diagnosed in non-small cell lung cancer at an early stage, less than the small cell, there is germination of cancer cells to other parts of the body. Therefore, if as a result of the investigations no evidence of such germination, the preferred method for first-line treatment of surgical intervention.
However, small cell lung cancer at diagnosis usually spread to other Parts of the body, and the likelihood of effective operation is reduced. are now, these diseases are very sensitive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
non-small cell lung cancer
In these cases the possibility of a first cancer surgery. If the tumor is located in the lung and lymph nodes not affected, and if the patient is undergoing surgery is a surgical removal of part or all of the affected lung has a satisfactory cure. However, this category is only about 25% of people be attributed to this type of cancer. The remaining patients surgical intervention is not shown because they have cancer or their unaffected lung is not spread enough good condition to bear the entire burden after surgery either as a patient inoperable.
patients that are not operated on, but where the tumor is small and there are no metastases, the radical radiotherapy of the tumor can sometimes treatment or, more likely, lead to a reduction of the tumor and thus reduction in symptoms. whether such treatment prolongs life, is still unknown. begin For radiation therapy is often only after the symptoms have become hard to bear, since this treatment is a very good palliative effect.
It was shown that chemotherapy can be a certain percentage of patients with reduction type of cancer precursors, and to some degree, the extension of life. to improve the control of symptoms and quality of life - his goal.
Until recently, chemotherapy and radiation therapy before surgery (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) was performed. Now there are some Evidence that it may increase slightly the survival rates. is currently exploring how to find combination therapies with the most benefit use.
carcinoma
for the treatment of this cancer to surgery is very rarely resorted, as it has already spread before the diagnosis of cancer cells usually spread to other parts of the body.
The method of choice is usually chemotherapy. shown, it can lead to a prolongation of life and a very small percentage of patients - to cure. usually use a combination of drugs with side effects that are easy to control, but almost always one of these effects is hair loss.
radiation therapy, held after chemotherapy, also plays an important role, since this type of cancer is very sensitive to treatment with this method. It is particularly useful when the cancer process is limited to the chest. He is also a palliative effect, reducing the size of the tumor, which causes various symptoms such as pain.
forecast
Healing, usually surgically, can be achieved only in a very small percentage of patients. Heals about 25% of people who can move the surgical resection of the lung. you can, apparently, to heal a small number of people with small cell carcinoma. occurs most fatalities of the disease within 1 year - 2 years after diagnosis. However, many people living through appropriate treatment of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy techniques are extended and monitored their symptoms can be controlled a satisfactory quality of life.
We carried out extensive work to improve the treatment of lung cancer, but it is clear that the most important support role in the fight against cancer this location information campaigns to prevent the formation of the habit of smoking and help people give up they are aligned.
Rare lung tumors
mesothelioma is not in the literal sense of lung cancer, because strikes the pleura (lining of the lungs shell). Already at least 60 years it was known that the disease is highly of a burden caused by asbestos. now we have a fairly large group of people with mesothelioma, which is obviously exposed to before. is, however, the process of developing this disease very long (usually 30-40 years), and it is often difficult to determine with certainty whether this or that people exposed to asbestos, especially if one considers that This material is used in different ways by their refractory properties, for example, the construction of buildings, the manufacture of brake pads and ironing board.
We also know that exposure to Asbestos increases the risk for other types of lung cancer, especially among smokers.
Mesothelioma is a thickening of the lining of the lungs and the formation of liquid in it. The result is shortness of breath, is often the first symptom. The diagnosis is carried out (open biopsy under local anesthesia, or, performed under general anesthesia) by biopsy, but it is sometimes difficult to a conclusion after studying the cells under the microscope to achieve.
If you are in a mesothelioma to find early stage, in very rare cases, it is possible to remove the lining of the lungs surgically, defeating it. usually impossible to cure, although such operations are performed to reduce respiratory distress. to reduce the cancerous disease and reduce their development is also on chemo-and radiotherapy Resort, but their roles are poorly understood.
bronchoalveolar carcinoma (alveolar cell) This disease is a type of adenocarcinoma of the lung, which often manifests multiple foci of cancer in both Lungs. Radiological investigation is sometimes confused with pneumonia. Due to the large number of lesions and surgical radiation therapy treatments are not practiced. chemotherapy may give a temporary effect cancer control process.
carcinoid tumors These tumors may arise as a primary lung cancer. In such cases, they are very similar to the most frequent carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract
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